云微物理参数的地基探测反演研究综述   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

程周杰  王洪芳  白洁 《气象科技》2007,35(1):9-14

云相态、云滴谱分布和云液态水含量作为重要的云微物理参数,对气候变化、天气变化、人工影响天气和飞行安全等很多方面都有着重要的影响。云微物理参数的研究已是国际气象学研究领域中的热点之一,而在国内这方面的研究较少。简要论述了地基方法在云微物理学研究的优越性,扼要总结了国内外地基探测技术的发展现状,重点概括了云相态、云滴谱和云液态水3个参数的地基反演算法,并予以评价,展望了未来发展趋势,为国内云微物理研究提供了参考与借鉴。  相似文献   

Bubble size distribution in surface wave breaking entraining process   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Han Lei  Yuan YeLi 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(11):1754-1760

From the similarity theorem, an expression of bubble population is derived as a function of the air en-trainment rate, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) spectrum density and the surface tension. The bubble size spectrum that we obtain has a dependence of a?2.5 nd on the bubble radius, in which nd is positive and dependent on the form of TKE spectrum within the viscous dissipation range. To relate the bubble population with wave parameters, an expression about the air entrainment rate is deduced by intro-ducing two statistical relations to wave breaking. The bubble population vertical distribution is also derived, based on two assumptions from two typical observation results.  相似文献   

Size variation of the end Permian conodont <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neogondolella</Emphasis> at Meishan Section,Changxing, Zhejiang and its significance     

Luo?Genming  Lai?Xulong?Email author  Jiang?Haishui  Zhang?Kexin 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(4):337-347

This study is based on both a generic and species level investigation of the individual size of the latest Permian conodont Neogondolella Pa elements collected from Meishan Section A, Changxing, Zhejiang Province. In this study, an obvious size reduction of Neogondolella Pa elements within bed 24e of the upper Changxing Limestone is recognized. The size variation of the Neogondolella occurs simultaneously with some important events including the negative shift of δ ¹³C, change in the ratio of the abundance of cyanobacterial biomarkers versus that of other general bacterial biomarkers and the shallowing of the sea water. Through the investigation of the paleoenvironmental changes and the analysis of the paleoecology of the conodont genus Neogondolella, the authors propose that the major factors for the size reduction of species of the conodont genus Neogondolella are food shortages caused by the mass extinction, the shallowing of the sea water as well as the increase in opacity of the sea water during the end Permian. The same phenomenon of Neogondolella size reduction is also observed in preliminary research from the same horizon at Shangsi Section, Sichuan Province. All the evidence suggests that there was a mass extinction that occurred at the horizon of bed 24e, and the evidence supports the viewpoint of a multi-phase mass extinction during the Permian and Triassic transition in South China.  相似文献   

季节性积雪区不同遮挡条件下深霜发育比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

洪雯  魏文寿  刘明哲  陆恒  韩茜 《地理科学》2012,(8):979-985

以中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站为研究区,在2009～2010年冬季观测期利用体视显微镜(XTZ-E)及拍照设备和雪特性分析仪(Snow Fork),对3种遮挡条件的开阔地(0遮挡)、树缘(50%遮挡)和树下(90%遮挡)的积雪深霜进行连续观测,比较和分析西北季节性积雪区不同遮挡条件下的深霜发育特征。研究表明:1)深霜发育主要受温度制约,其次是温度梯度。由不同遮挡条件引起积雪累积和太阳辐射差异而导致雪深不同,从而形成的温度环境差异,是深霜发育差异的根本原因。2)深霜发育厚度与雪深呈正相关关系,有开阔地(0遮挡)>树缘(50%遮挡)>树下(90%遮挡),融雪期深霜的消减速率为树下>开阔地>树缘。3)深霜冰晶粒径呈先减小(稳定累积期-过渡期)再增大(-融雪期)的变化,积雪稳定累积期后,深霜粒径开阔地>树缘>树下。4)2009～2010年冬季雪深大,因而圆角深霜(DHxr)和圆角刻面冰晶(FCxr)在深霜中发育最多,二者共占70%～80%。开阔地易发育杯型深霜(DHcp),树缘和树下则易发育柱状条纹深霜(DHla)、棱柱状深霜(DHpr)和刻面冰晶(FCso)。深霜中胶结态冰晶约占10%～30%,其比例在开阔地深霜中递减,而在树缘和树下处递增。  相似文献   

Carbonaceous materials in size-segregated atmospheric aerosols from urban and coastal-rural areas at the Western European Coast   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Regina M.B.O. Duarte  Cludia L. Mieiro  Ana Penetra  Casimiro A. Pio  Armando C. Duarte 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):253-ICNAA07

A high-volume cascade impactor, equipped with a PM10 inlet, was used to collect size-segregated aerosol samples during the summer of 2004 at two Portuguese locations: a coastal-rural area (Moitinhos) and an urban area (Oporto). Concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM), total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were determined for the following particle size ranges: < 0.49, 0.49–0.95, 0.95–3.0, and 3.0–10 µm. The total PM mass concentrations at the urban and coastal-rural sites ranged from 22.8 to 79.6 μg m^− 3 and 19.9 to 28.2 μg m^− 3, respectively, and more than 56% of the total aerosol mass was found in the fractions below 3.0 μm. At both locations the highest concentrations of OC and EC were found in the submicrometer size range. The regional variability for the OC and EC concentrations, with the highest concentrations being found in the urban area, was related to the contribution of local primary sources (mostly traffic emissions). It was also verified an enrichment of the small size particles in WSOC, representing on average 37.3(± 12.4)% and 59.7(± 18.0)% of OC in the very fine aerosol at the coastal-rural and urban areas, respectively. The amount of secondary OC calculated by the minimum OC/EC ratio method indicates that secondary organic aerosol formation was important throughout the study at both sites. The obtained results suggest that long-range transport and favourable summer conditions for photochemical oxidation are key factors determining secondary OC formation in the coastal-rural and urban areas. The ultraviolet absorption properties of the chromophoric constituents of the WSOC fractions were also different among the different particle size ranges and also between the two sampling locations, thus suggesting the strong impact of the diverse emission sources into the composition of the size-segregated organic aerosol.  相似文献   

天津大气气溶胶化学组分的粒径分布和垂直分布   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

姚青  孙玫玲  张长春  穆怀斌 《气象科技》2008,36(6):692-696

2006年8月在天津气象铁塔的10、120、220 m 3个不同高度.利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行大气气溶胶采样,样品用离子色谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行分析.结果表明,K元素主要集中在细粒子,Mg、Ca、Al、Fe元素主要集中在粗粒子,Na元素则具有双峰结构;总离子浓度随着高度的升高有增加的趋势,SO42-、N3-、NH4+、Ca2+是最主要的水溶性尤机离子;二次源是水溶性离子重要的贡献源.NO3-、SO42-、NH4+随着高度升高,浓度有向小粒径集中的趋势;各层气溶胶阴阳离子平衡值小于1,表明气溶胶偏碱性,与天津地处北方,土壤偏碱性,且非采暖期地面扬尘是主要的气溶胶来源有关;各层NO3-/SO42-平均值为0.48,表明非采暖期固定排放源(燃煤)仍然是天津大气细粒子中水溶性离子的主要来源.  相似文献   

卡尔曼滤波方法在稻飞虱发生等级预测中的应用研究     

江胜国  杨太明  程林  张友明  姚筠 《气象》2010,36(10):106-109

利用桐城市2005—2007年逐候田间系统调查的稻飞虱百丛虫量数据,分析影响桐城市稻飞虱发生程度的主要的气象因子。分析发现,旬平均气温、候平均气温与系统调查的桐城市稻飞虱百丛虫量均呈显著的负相关,显示高温对稻飞虱发生具有抑制作用,最适宜的候平均气温为20.5℃。应用卡尔曼滤波方法建立稻飞虱发生适宜气象条件等级预测模型,目的在于开展稻飞虱发生的气象条件预警预测,为防虫治虫提供依据。经历史拟合和2008年试报应用,此模型的预测精度较高,可靠性和稳定性都较好,可投入业务应用。  相似文献   

河南春季一次层状冷云的微物理结构特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李铁林  雷恒池  刘艳华  张晓庆 《气象》2010,36(9):74-80

利用2007年3月3日PMS粒子测量系统对河南层状云的探测资料,分析了云的微物理结构特征。结果表明,云垂直和水平分布不均匀特性很明显。在云的中上部,FSSP-100测量的小云粒子(云滴、冰晶)最大浓度为125个·cm~(-1),平均值为21.3个·cm~(-1),平均直径多在6～20μm。2D-C观测大云粒子(50d≤300μm)随高度上升浓度增多,浓度值变化在5.24～192个·L~(-1),平均直径为211μm。此层云中过冷液态水含量变化在0.035～0.118 g·m~(-3),随高度增加过冷液态水含量减少。在云的底部区域,观测到两个逆温层顶的下方分别存在有云水含量的峰值。由不同高度云粒子谱分析表明,在4046～4600 m高度层,粒子谱型有负指数型、单峰型、双峰型和多峰型;0℃层以下融化带内的粒子谱型多为负指数型;云的底部粒子谱型以负指数型和单峰型为主。  相似文献   

An Economical Approach to Four-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

WANG Bin  LIU Juanjuan  WANG Shudong  CHENG Wei  LIU Juan  LIU Chengsi  Qingnong XIAO  Ying-Hwa KUO 《大气科学进展》2010,27(4):715-727

Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVar) is one of the most promising methods to provide optimal analysis for numerical weather prediction (NWP). Five national NWP centers in the world have successfully applied 4DVar methods in their global NWPs, thanks to the increment method and adjoint technique. However, the application of 4DVar is still limited by the computer resources available at many NWP centers and research institutes. It is essential, therefore, to further reduce the computational cost of 4DVar. Here, an economical approach to implement 4DVar is proposed, using the technique of dimension-reduced projection (DRP), which is called ``DRP-4DVar." The proposed approach is based on dimension reduction using an ensemble of historical samples to define a subspace. It directly obtains an optimal solution in the reduced space by fitting observations with historical time series generated by the model to form consistent forecast states, and therefore does not require implementation of the adjoint of tangent linear approximation. To evaluate the performance of the DRP-4DVar on assimilating different types of mesoscale observations, some observing system simulation experiments are conducted using MM5 and a comparison is made between adjoint-based 4DVar and DRP-4DVar using a 6-hour assimilation window.  相似文献   

Lateglacial and Holocene variation in aeolian sediment flux over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by laminated sediments of a saline meromictic lake   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Steffen Mischke  Chengjun Zhang  Anko Börner  Ulrike Herzschuh 《第四纪科学杂志》2010,25(2):162-177

Predominantly laminated lake sediments from a saline closed‐basin lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using a multi‐proxy approach (¹⁴C‐accelerator mass spectrometry dating, smear‐slide analysis, loss on ignition, grain size, X‐ray diffraction, elemental concentration, ostracod assemblages, stable isotopes of ostracod shells) to trace the regional environmental and climatic history in the Lateglacial and Holocene. Before about 15 cal. ka BP, small saline water bodies probably filled the basin under unstable cold and harsh environmental conditions. Soon after about 14.9 cal. ka BP, a relatively deep saline lake was established, probably as a result of runoff from melting snow, ice and frozen ground in the lake's catchment. Large changes in flux of aeolian material to the lake were recorded during this initial period of formation of Lake Kuhai. Highest lake levels, a low sediment accumulation rate and less saline conditions were maintained between about 12.8 and 7.1 cal. ka BP when the aeolian influx diminished significantly. After about 7.1 cal. ka BP, the aeolian influx remained at a moderate level apart from a strongly increased dust delivery to the lake between about 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP and a minor short‐lived period of slightly enhanced aeolian influx at about 2.7 cal. ka BP. The strongly enhanced dust input to the lake between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP represented the largest influx of aeolian material to Lake Kuhai during the entire Holocene. However, evidence for climatic deterioration during this period is not seen at most other palaeoclimate sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but instead a significant increase in aridity has been recorded at numerous sites in the northern foreland of the Tibetan Plateau and on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The large dust input to Lake Kuhai between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP probably did not result from a severe climate deterioration on the Tibetan Plateau itself, but from the pronounced aridity in its northern and eastern foreland. In contrast, the increase in dust influx about 2.7 cal. ka BP seems to correspond to a brief warming spell recorded at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau too. A slight increase in lake level and decrease in salinity after about 0.6 cal. ka BP suggests a slightly higher effective moisture during the final lake stage, accompanied by a somewhat larger dust influx. This apparent contradiction possibly results from enhanced human activities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last 600 years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献